Objective: Non-specific cervicitis or inflammatory changes in a smear report are common which are usually unclear for clinical approaches. To investigate the frequency of inflammation and Pathogenic vaginal microorganisms in cervical smears among an Iranian population sample.Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on Pap smear samples of women referred to gynecological clinic of Taleghani Hospital in Tehran, Iran, between October 2008 and March 2009. This study was conducted on 528 conventional Papanicolaou cervical smears. The frequency and severity of inflammation and prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and vaginal candidiasis (VC) was determined in the samples. Also co-infection of the microorganisms in Pap samples was evaluated. percentage, mean±standard deviation of the outcome parameters were calculated. The comparison between data was performed with the Pearson’s chi square or Fisher’s exact test.Results: The prevalence of BV, VC, and TV in Pap samples was 17%, 11%, and 0.4% respectively. Overall, the prevalence of these microorganisms in women of reproductive age was higher than menopausal women. There was a significant association between VC and the presence of inflammation in our samples.Conclusion: Based on our results, inflammation in the Pap smears can suggest an infection of VC and the patients should be considered for proper VC treatment.

The bio-based approach to synthesizing nanoparticles has been one of most interesting trends in nano science over the past decade. This is due to its environmentally friendly and green chemistry method, which is safe to use and free of chemical pollutants for biological applications. Study’s results demonstrated the effectiveness of using zucchini peel nanoparticles in combination with silver nanoparticles as an alternative to inhibitory materials for drug-resistant microorganisms. The results of the FTIR analysis showed that AgNO3 had four strong bands at (3211, 1632, 1520, 1390, and 1239) cm-1 while AgNPS had seven strong bands at (3211, 2940, 1632, 1523, 1395, 1241 and 1050) cm-1. XRD analysis revealed four different diffraction peaks for AgNO3 (32.77°, 38.11°, 49.66°and 67.54°), while AgNPS showed five strong diffraction peaks (32.77°, 56.13°, 58.22°, 67.54º and 75.88º). In terms of inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa, AgNPS had the highest inhibition zone of 14 mm at a concentration of 10 mg/ml, the inhibition zone increased to 25 mm when the concentration was increased to 20 mg/ml. on the other hand AgNO3 had 9 mm inhibition zone at a concentration of 10 mg/ml, which increased to 16 mm at concentration of 20 mg/ml. Nanotechnology is providing alternatives to treatments that have harmful effects on the body due to their imprecise delivery methods to targeted diseased cells, such as cancer chemotherapy. Researchers have utilized nanotechnology to attach special RNA with a small diameter of about 10 nanometers to nanoparticles filled with chemotherapy drugs to mitigate the pain and harmful effects associated with chemotherapy.

Background: Milk and dairy products have an essential role in human health; however, they are easily contaminated and are likely to transfer Pathogenic foodborne bacteria. Since traditional dairy products are very popular and are frequently used by the community, the aim of this study was to assess the contamination rate of raw milk and traditional dairy products by Pathogenic bacteria and mold in Mashhad, Iran. Methods: A total of 200 samples were collected from five districts of Mashhad, Iran in the summer of 2018. Samples were tested for Coliform, E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, mold, and yeast according to the Iranian national standard methods. Results: Results showed that 65% of the samples were positive for at least one Pathogenic bacteria. The prevalence of Coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., molds, and yeast in all dairy products were 62. 5%, 32. 5%, 59. 5%, 27. 5%, 26%, and 100% respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that considerable numbers of traditional dairy products were contaminated with Pathogenic microorganisms in Mashhad, Iran which emphasized the need for stricter hygienic rules and general education about the safety of traditional foods.

In the temperature range of 10 to 80 ºC and in a batch digester, a typical activated sludge was digested aerobically. Reaction rate constants were determined by measuring the amounts of volatiles removed from the suspended solids at different time intervals during the process. The maximum value of the reaction rate constant (0.45 d -1) occurred in the temperature range of 55-60˚C. Removal of indicator organisms (pathogens) in the sludge, during the batch digestion, was also studied. Sludge digestion at 60 ºC provided a noticeable difference in reduction of the indicator organisms as compared to digestion carried out at 55 ºC. Optimum thermophilic aerobic digestion for high rate removal of volatile suspended solids and effective inactivation of pathogens happened in temperature range of 60-65 ºC.